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Is Nutmeg Known or Enhancing Ground Beef ?

Written By sexta-feira, 27 de maio de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Spice from Myristica fragrans

Nutmeg
Biji Pala Bubuk.jpg
Type Seed or ground spice
  • Media: Nutmeg

Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus Myristica.[1] Myristica fragrans (fragrant nutmeg or truthful nutmeg) is a nighttime-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is besides a commercial source of an essential oil and nutmeg butter. The California nutmeg, Torreya californica, has a seed of similar appearance, only is not closely related to Myristica fragrans, and is not used as a spice. Indonesia is the principal producer of nutmeg and mace.

If consumed in amounts exceeding its typical use as a spice, nutmeg powder may produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, or accept psychoactive furnishings.[two] Although used in traditional medicine for treating diverse disorders, nutmeg has no scientifically confirmed medicinal value.[ii]

Common nutmeg [edit]

Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans) into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm, slightly sweet sense of taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of broiled goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages every bit eggnog.[3]

The seeds are dried gradually in the sunday over a flow of half dozen to viii weeks. During this time the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The trounce is and so broken with a wooden club and the nutmegs are picked out. Stale nutmegs are grayish brown ovoids with furrowed surfaces.[3] The nutmegs are roughly egg-shaped, almost xx.v–xxx mm (0.81–ane.eighteen in) long and 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) wide, weighing 5–10 g (0.18–0.35 oz) dried.

Two other species of genus Myristica with unlike flavors, M. malabarica and G. argentea, are sometimes used to adulterate nutmeg every bit a spice.[four]

Mace [edit]

Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to nutmeg simply more delicate; it is used to season baked goods, meat, fish, and vegetables, and in preserving and pickling.[five]

In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out and stale for ten to 14 days. Its colour changes to pale yellow, orangish, or tan. Whole dry out mace consists of flat pieces—shine, horn-like, and brittle—well-nigh 40 mm (1+ 1⁄ii  in) long.[six]

Botany and cultivation [edit]

Nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans)

The nigh of import commercial species is the mutual, true or fragrant nutmeg, Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae), native to the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia.[7] [8] It is also cultivated on Penang Island in Malaysia, in the Caribbean, especially in Grenada, and in Kerala, a state formerly known as Malabar in aboriginal writings every bit the hub of spice trading, in southern Bharat. In the 17th-century work Hortus Botanicus Malabaricus, Hendrik van Rheede records that Indians learned the usage of nutmeg from the Indonesians through ancient merchandise routes.

Nutmeg trees are dioecious plants (individual plants are either male or female person) which are propagated sexually from seeds and asexually from cuttings or grafting. Sexual propagation yields l% male seedlings, which are unproductive. Because at that place is no reliable method of determining plant sex before flowering in the sixth to 8th year, and sexual reproduction bears inconsistent yields, grafting is the preferred method of propagation. Epicotyl grafting (a variation of crack grafting using seedlings), approach grafting, and patch budding have proved successful, with epicotyl grafting being the nigh widely adopted standard. Air layering is an alternative though not preferred method because of its low (35–40%) success rate.

The kickoff harvest of nutmeg trees takes identify 7 to 9 years afterward planting, and the trees reach total product later on xx years.

  • Nutmeg fruit

  • Cherry-red aril and seed within fruit

  • Aril surrounding nutmeg seed

Culinary uses [edit]

Indonesian manisan pala (nutmeg sweets)

Spice [edit]

Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more than delicate season. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the brilliant orange, saffron-like hue it imparts. Nutmeg is used for flavouring many dishes. Whole nutmeg can also be ground at dwelling house using a grater specifically designed for nutmeg[9] or a multi-purpose grating tool.[10]

In Indonesian cuisine, nutmeg is used in dishes,[11] such as spicy soups including variants of soto, konro, oxtail soup, sup iga (ribs soup), bakso, and sup kambing. Information technology is also used in gravy for meat dishes, such as semur, beef stew, ribs with lycopersicon esculentum, and European derived dishes such equally bistik (beefiness steak), rolade (minced meat roll), and bistik lidah (beef tongue steak).

In Indian cuisine, nutmeg is used in many sweet, also as savoury, dishes. In Kerala Malabar region, grated nutmeg is used in meat preparations and also sparingly added to desserts for the season. Information technology may likewise be used in small quantities in garam masala. Ground nutmeg is as well smoked in Bharat.[12]

In traditional European cuisine, nutmeg and mace are used especially in potato and spinach dishes and in candy meat products; they are likewise used in soups, sauces, and broiled goods. Information technology is also commonly used in rice pudding. In Dutch cuisine, nutmeg is added to vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and string beans. Nutmeg is a traditional ingredient in mulled cider, mulled wine, junket and eggnog. In Scotland, mace and nutmeg are commonly both ingredients in haggis. In Italian cuisine, nutmeg is used as role of the stuffing for many regional meat-filled dumplings like tortellini, also as for the traditional meatloaf. Nutmeg is a common spice for pumpkin pie and in recipes for other winter squashes, such as baked acorn squash. In the Caribbean, nutmeg is often used in drinks, such as the Bushwacker, Painkiller, and Barbados rum punch. Typically, information technology is a sprinkle on acme of the drink.

Fruit [edit]

The pericarp (fruit covering) is used to make jam, or is finely sliced, cooked with saccharide, and crystallised to brand a fragrant processed. Sliced nutmeg fruit mankind is made as manisan (sweets), either wet, which is seasoned in sugary syrup liquid, or dry coated with sugar, a dessert called manisan pala in Republic of indonesia. In Penang cuisine, stale, shredded nutmeg rind with sugar coating is used every bit toppings on the uniquely Penang ais kacang. Nutmeg rind is too blended (creating a fresh, dark-green, tangy taste and white colour juice) or boiled (resulting in a much sweeter and dark-brown juice) to make iced nutmeg juice. In Kerala Malabar region of India, information technology is used for juice, pickles and chutney.[12]

Essential oil [edit]

The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground nutmeg[13] is used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile fraction contains dozens of terpenes and phenylpropanoids, including D -pinene, limonene, D -borneol, L -terpineol, geraniol, safrol, and myristicin.[thirteen] [14] [15] In its pure form, myristicin is a toxin, and consumption of excessive amounts of nutmeg can event in myristicin poisoning.[16]

The oil is colorless or light yellow, and smells and tastes of nutmeg. It is used as a natural nutrient flavoring in broiled goods, syrups, beverages, and sweets. It is used to replace basis nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the manufacturing of toothpaste and cough syrups.[17]

Nutmeg butter [edit]

Nutmeg butter is obtained from the nut past expression. It is semisolid, blood-red-brown in colour, and has the gustatory modality and smell of nutmeg itself.[thirteen] About 75% (past weight) of nutmeg butter is trimyristin, which tin can exist turned into myristic acid, a xiv-carbon fatty acid, which can be used equally a replacement for cocoa butter, can be mixed with other fats similar cottonseed oil or palm oil, and has applications as an industrial lubricant.

History [edit]

The earliest bear witness of use of nutmeg comes in the form of three,500 year sometime potsherd residues from the island of Pulau Ai, ane of the Banda Islands in eastern Republic of indonesia.[eighteen] The Banda Islands consist of eleven small-scale volcanic islands, and are part of the larger Maluku Islands group. These islands were the just source of nutmeg and mace production until the mid-19th century.[19]

In the 6th century Ad, nutmeg spread to India, then farther westward to Constantinople.[20] By the 13th century, Arab traders had pinpointed the origin of nutmeg to the Indonesian islands, but kept this location a surreptitious from European traders.[20]

Colonial era [edit]

The Banda Islands became the scene of the earliest European ventures in Asia, in gild to get a grip on the spice trade. In August 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca, which at the time was the hub of Asian trade, on behalf of the king of Portugal. In November of the same year, afterward having secured Malacca and learning of Banda'south location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led past his friend António de Abreu to find information technology. Malay pilots, either recruited or forcibly conscripted, guided them via Java, the Lesser Sundas, and Ambon to the Banda Islands, arriving in early 1512. The kickoff Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained for about a month, buying and filling their ships with Banda'due south nutmeg and mace, and with cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade. An early business relationship of Banda is in Suma Oriental, a volume written by the Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires, based in Malacca from 1512 to 1515. Full control of this trade by the Portuguese was not possible, and they remained participants without a foothold in the islands.

In social club to obtain a monopoly on the production and trade of nutmeg, the Dutch Due east India Company (VOC) waged a bloody battle with the Bandanese in 1621. Historian Willard Hanna estimated that before this struggle the islands were populated by approximately 15,000 people, and only ane,000 were left (the Bandanese were killed, starved while fleeing, exiled, or sold as slaves).[21] The Company constructed a comprehensive nutmeg plantation system on the islands during the 17th century.

Every bit a event of the Dutch interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars, the British invaded and temporarily took control of the Banda Islands from the Dutch and transplanted nutmeg trees, consummate with soil, to Sri Lanka, Penang, Bencoolen, and Singapore.[22] From these locations they were transplanted to their other colonial holdings elsewhere, notably Zanzibar and Grenada. The national flag of Grenada, adopted in 1974, shows a stylised split-open up nutmeg fruit. The Dutch retained command of the Spice Islands until World War II.

It has been suggested that Connecticut received its nickname ("the Nutmeg State", "Nutmegger") from the claim that some unscrupulous Connecticut traders would whittle "nutmeg" out of wood, creating a "wooden nutmeg", a term which later came to hateful any type of fraud.[23] [24] This narrative may have to practice with the result that ane has to grate to obtain the spice powder, not crack a nutmeg, and this may not accept been widely known by some purchasers of the product.[23]

Production [edit]

In 2019, global production of nutmeg was 142,000 tonnes, led past Indonesia, Guatemala, and India, having 38,000 to 43,000 tonnes each and a combined 85% of the world total.[25]

Psychoactivity and toxicity [edit]

Although used every bit a folk treatment for other ailments, nutmeg has no proven medicinal value.[2]

Effects [edit]

Ingested in small-scale amounts as a spice, nutmeg produces no noticeable physiological or neurological response, but in large doses, both raw nutmeg freshly ground from kernels and nutmeg oil have psychoactive effects,[2] [26] [16] which appear to derive from anticholinergic-similar hallucinogenic mechanisms attributed to myristicin and elemicin.[16] [27] Myristicin—a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and psychoactive substance[two] [16]—tin can cause convulsions, palpitations, nausea, eventual dehydration, and generalized torso pain when consumed in large amounts.[2] [26] Nutmeg usage may increase endocannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG levels or delay their breakdown by inhibiting FAAH and MAGL.[28] [29] Nutmeg may interact with anxiolytic drugs, produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, and evoke acute episodes of psychosis.[2]

Varying considerably from person to person, nutmeg intoxication may occur with side effects, such as delirium, anxiety, confusion, headaches, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, eye irritation, and amnesia.[2] [16] Intoxication takes several hours to attain maximum effect,[ii] and furnishings may final for several days.[16] [26] Rarely, nutmeg overdose causes decease, specially if the nutmeg is combined with other drugs.[xvi] Incidents of fatal poisoning from nutmeg and myristicin individually are uncommon.[2]

Nutmeg poisonings occur by accidental consumption in children and past intentional recreational utilise.[16] Relatively large doses of nutmeg are required to produce furnishings, therefore a majority of reported nutmeg intoxication cases appear to be the result of recreational utilize.[xxx] Information technology is used recreationally with the intention of achieving a low-price loftier resembling psychedelics, particularly by adolescents, drug users, college students, and prisoners.[31]

Toxicity during pregnancy [edit]

Nutmeg was once considered an abortifacient, only may be safe during pregnancy if used simply in flavoring amounts.[ii] If consumed in large amounts, nutmeg could cause premature labor and miscarriage. Nutmeg may also interact with pain-relievers such as pethidine, then it is recommended that it exist avoided during pregnancy.[32]

Toxicity to pets [edit]

The scent of nutmeg may attract pets, but it can be poisonous to them if they consume too much.[33]

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Nutmeg and derivatives (Review)". Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. September 1994. Archived from the original on thirty October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f grand h i j m "Nutmeg". Drugs.com. 2009. Retrieved 2017-05-04 .
  3. ^ a b "Nutmeg spice". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  4. ^ "Nutmeg". www.clovegarden.com . Retrieved 2017-07-22 .
  5. ^ Small, Ernest (2011). Superlative 100 Exotic Food Plants. CRC Press. p. 420. ISBN978-1439856864 . Retrieved 2019-08-27 .
  6. ^ "Mace spice". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  7. ^ Amitav Ghosh (December 30, 2016). "What Nutmeg Can Tell Us Nigh Nafta". New York Times.
  8. ^ Dotschkal, Janna (2015-06-22). "The Spice Merchandise's Forgotten Island". National Geographic . Retrieved 2017-04-13 .
  9. ^ Oulton, Randal (18 February 2007). "Nutmeg Graters". CooksInfo.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  10. ^ Barber, Casey (18 Feb 2007). "Exercise y'all really need a Microplane for your kitchen? Yes, and here's why". today.com. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  11. ^ Arthur L. Meyer; Jon M. Vann (2008). The Appetizer Atlas: A World of Small Bites. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 196. ISBN978-0-544-17738-3.
  12. ^ a b Pat Chapman (2007). Republic of india Nutrient and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers. p. sixteen. ISBN978-one-84537-619-2.
  13. ^ a b c "Description of components of nutmeg". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. September 1994. Retrieved 2017-04-13 .
  14. ^ Abourashed, E. A.; El-Alfy, A. T. (2016). "Chemical variety and pharmacological significance of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)". Phytochemistry Reviews. xv (six): 1035–1056. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9469-x. PMC5222521. PMID 28082856.
  15. ^ Piras, A.; Rosa, A.; Marongiu, B.; Atzeri, A.; Dessì, M. A.; Falconieri, D.; Porcedda, Due south. (2012). "Extraction and separation of volatile and fixed oils from seeds of Myristica fragrans past supercritical CO2: Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cancer cells". Journal of Food Science. 77 (iv): C448–53. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02618.10. PMID 22429024.
  16. ^ a b c d east f thousand h Ehrenpreis, J. E.; Deslauriers, C; Lank, P; Armstrong, P. K.; Leikin, J. B. (2014). "Nutmeg Poisonings: A Retrospective Review of 10 Years Feel from the Illinois Poison Center, 2001–2011". Periodical of Medical Toxicology. 10 (2): 148–151. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0379-7. PMC4057546. PMID 24452991.
  17. ^ Crask, Paul (2017-11-05). Grenada: Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN9781784770624.
  18. ^ Peter Lape; Emily Peterson; Daud Tanudirjo; Chung-Ching Shiung; Gyoung-Ah Lee; Judith Field; Adelle Coster (2018). "New Data from an Open up Neolithic Site in Eastern Republic of indonesia". Asian Perspectives. 57 (two): 222–243. doi:10.1353/asi.2018.0015. hdl:10125/72091. S2CID 165484454.
  19. ^ "Mryristicin - - Molecule of the Calendar month - August 2014 (HTML version)". www.chm.bris.ac.great britain . Retrieved 2022-04-28 .
  20. ^ a b Pickersgill, Barbara (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 166. ISBN0415927463.
  21. ^ Hanna, Willard (1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Moluccas, East Indonesia: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Neira.
  22. ^ Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg, 1999, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-69675-iii
  23. ^ a b Rebecca Furer (12 Baronial 2011). "What is a Nutmegger?". Connecticut Public Radio. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Nicknames for Connecticut". Connecticut State Library. 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Earth production of nutmeg, mace and cardamoms in 2019; Crops/Regions/World/Production Quantity from pick lists". Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2019. Retrieved 12 Feb 2021.
  26. ^ a b c Demetriades, A. One thousand.; Wallman, P. D.; McGuiness, A.; Gavalas, K. C. (2005). "Low Price, Loftier Take a chance: Adventitious Nutmeg Intoxication". Emergency Medicine Journal. 22 (3): 223–225. doi:10.1136/emj.2002.004168. PMC1726685. PMID 15735280.
  27. ^ McKenna, A.; Nordt, S. P.; Ryan, J. (2004). "Astute Nutmeg Poisoning". European Journal of Emergency Medicine. eleven (4): 240–241. doi:ten.1097/01.mej.0000127649.69328.a5. PMID 15249817. S2CID 21133983.
  28. ^ El-Alfy AT, Joseph South, Brahmbhatt A, Akati South, Abourashed EA (Dec 2016). "Indirect modulation of the endocannabinoid system by specific fractions of nutmeg total extract". Pharmaceutical Biology. 54 (12): 2933–2938. doi:ten.1080/13880209.2016.1194864. PMID 27296774.
  29. ^ "Chemicals in Nutmeg Boost Anandamide".
  30. ^ Forrester MB (November 2005). "Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 1998-2004". Human being & Experimental Toxicology. 24 (11): 563–half dozen. doi:x.1191/0960327105ht567oa. PMID 16323572. S2CID 6839715.
  31. ^ Rahman NA, Fazilah A, Effarizah ME (2015). "Toxicity of Nutmeg (Myristicin): A Review". International Journal on Avant-garde Science, Engineering and Information technology. 5 (3): 212. doi:10.18517/ijaseit.5.3.518.
  32. ^ "Herb and drug safety chart". BabyCentre Britain. 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  33. ^ Charlotte Flintstone (2018). "Nutmeg Toxicity". Pet Poison Helpline. Retrieved 29 Oct 2018.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg

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